Our nails are more than just a cosmetic feature—they reflect our overall health. From discoloration to brittleness, nail issues can indicate underlying problems or simply be the result of environmental damage or bad habits. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover some of the most common nail problems, what causes them, and the best ways to treat and prevent them.
1. Brittle Nails
Symptoms: Nails that chip, split, or crack easily.
Causes:
- Frequent exposure to water or chemicals
- Cold, dry weather
- Vitamin deficiency (especially biotin)
- Overuse of nail polish remover
Fix:
- Apply a strengthening nail treatment with biotin or keratin
- Keep nails moisturized with oils like jojoba or vitamin E
- Wear gloves when cleaning or doing dishes
- Limit use of harsh nail products
2. Yellow Nails
Symptoms: A yellowish tint to the nails, sometimes accompanied by thickening.
Causes:
- Fungal infections
- Smoking
- Nail polish stains
- Respiratory or thyroid conditions
Fix:
- Use antifungal treatments (OTC or prescription)
- Apply lemon juice or tea tree oil as natural remedies
- Avoid dark polish without a base coat
- Quit smoking
3. Peeling Nails
Symptoms: Layers of the nail separate and flake off.
Causes:
- Physical trauma (e.g., opening cans)
- Water exposure
- Deficiencies in iron or calcium
Fix:
- Take iron or calcium supplements if advised by a doctor
- Be gentle with your nails
- Use hydrating hand and nail creams
4. White Spots
Symptoms: Tiny white dots or lines on the nail surface.
Causes:
- Minor injury to the nail matrix
- Allergic reaction to nail polish or hardeners
- Zinc deficiency
Fix:
- Let the nail grow out naturally
- Avoid using harsh chemicals or poor-quality polish
- Maintain a balanced diet with enough zinc
5. Nail Discoloration
Symptoms: Nails turning colors such as brown, green, or black.
Causes:
- Fungal or bacterial infections
- Trauma or bruising
- Medical conditions like diabetes or melanoma
Fix:
- See a dermatologist if color changes persist
- Treat with appropriate antifungal or antibiotic medications
- Never ignore sudden dark streaks under the nail
6. Ingrown Nails
Symptoms: Pain, swelling, and redness where the nail edge cuts into the skin.
Causes:
- Improper trimming
- Tight shoes
- Genetics
Fix:
- Soak the foot in warm water
- Gently lift the nail edge with a cotton ball
- Wear open or loose shoes
- See a podiatrist for severe or infected cases
7. Nail Ridges
Symptoms: Vertical or horizontal lines on the nail surface.
Causes:
- Vertical ridges: normal with aging
- Horizontal ridges (Beau’s lines): underlying illness or trauma
Fix:
- Buff nails lightly to smooth surface (don’t overdo it)
- Address any nutritional deficiencies
- See a doctor if ridges are deep or sudden
8. Clubbing
Symptoms: Nails curve downward and fingertips appear swollen.
Causes:
- Lung or heart disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Liver problems
Fix:
- Seek medical attention immediately
- Treatment depends on underlying health condition
9. Nail Fungus
Symptoms: Yellowing, thickening, and crumbling of nails
Causes:
- Fungal infection (onychomycosis)
- Warm, moist environments
- Poor nail hygiene
Fix:
- Antifungal lacquers or oral medications
- Keep feet dry and clean
- Avoid walking barefoot in public showers or pools
10. Hangnails
Symptoms: Small tears or pieces of skin next to the nail
Causes:
- Dry skin
- Biting or picking nails
Fix:
- Use cuticle oil daily
- Don’t pull hangnails—clip with sanitized clippers
- Keep hands moisturized
Nail Care Tips to Prevent Problems
- Maintain a balanced diet with vitamins A, C, E, and B-complex
- Trim nails straight across and file the edges
- Avoid biting or picking at nails and cuticles
- Use non-toxic, nourishing nail polishes and removers
- Let your nails breathe between manicures
When to See a Doctor
If you notice sudden or severe changes in your nails, such as:
- Black or brown streaks
- Pus or foul odor
- Nail separation
- Persistent pain or swelling
Consult a dermatologist or healthcare provider. These symptoms could indicate serious conditions like infections or even skin cancer.
Your nails are a valuable indicator of your health. Treat them with care and attention, and they’ll stay strong, clear, and beautiful. Whether you’re tackling a stubborn fungus or just want to prevent future damage, consistent nail care goes a long way.
